SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    10983, 10820, 10902, 10901, 10844, 10853, 
    10858, 10842, 10861, 10968, 10969, 
    10845, 10856, 10857, 10850, 10849, 
    10839, 10852, 10854, 10841, 10859, 
    10838, 10843, 10848, 10860, 10903, 
    10904, 10905, 10847, 10821, 10982, 
    10980, 17001
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00242

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "23.11"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 33,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 33,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 0) and (`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 12) and (`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (10983,10820,10902,10901,10844,10853,10858,10842,10861,10968,10969,10845,10856,10857,10850,10849,10839,10852,10854,10841,10859,10838,10843,10848,10860,10903,10904,10905,10847,10821,10982,10980,17001)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "19.81",
        "eval_cost": "3.30",
        "prefix_cost": "23.11",
        "data_read_per_join": "528"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}