SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    12610, 12604, 12609, 12617, 12614, 12613, 
    12624, 11694, 11425, 11405, 12577, 
    12591, 12586, 11412, 11413, 11416, 
    11420, 11418, 11421, 11422, 11423
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00212

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "14.71"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "idx_storefront_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "product_id",
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "9",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 21,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 21,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "((`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`storefront_id` = 0) and (`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`destination_id` = 12) and (`dev_yourmart_co_bw`.`cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount`.`product_id` in (12610,12604,12609,12617,12614,12613,12624,11694,11425,11405,12577,12591,12586,11412,11413,11416,11420,11418,11421,11422,11423)))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "12.61",
        "eval_cost": "2.10",
        "prefix_cost": "14.71",
        "data_read_per_join": "336"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "destination_id",
        "storefront_id",
        "product_id",
        "amount"
      ]
    }
  }
}